Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis (pachytene) in a process called synapsis.
Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops, and is not completed until near the end of prophase I.
Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome.
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